Career Pathways View

### Career Overview: Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons
#### Education and Training Required
To become a refractory materials repairer, typically a high school diploma or equivalent is required. Many individuals enter this field through apprenticeships or on-the-job training, which may last several months to a few years. Understanding materials science, chemistry, and industrial safety regulations can also be beneficial. Some technical schools offer courses related to refractory materials and industrial maintenance, which can provide a solid foundation.
#### Typical Job Duties and Responsibilities
Refractory materials repairers are responsible for:
– Installing, repairing, and maintaining refractory materials in industrial furnaces, kilns, and other high-temperature equipment.
– Inspecting and assessing the condition of existing refractory linings.
– Mixing and preparing refractory materials for application.
– Following safety protocols to ensure a safe working environment.
– Collaborating with other maintenance and engineering staff to schedule repairs and maintenance.
#### Earning Potential
– **Short-term**: Entry-level positions may offer salaries ranging from $30,000 to $40,000 annually, depending on location and experience.
– **Long-term**: With experience and specialization, earnings can rise to $50,000 to $70,000 or more annually, especially in industries like metal production or petrochemicals.
#### Opportunities for Career Advancement
Career advancement opportunities can include:
– Specializing in a particular type of refractory material or application.
– Moving into supervisory or management roles within maintenance teams.
– Transitioning into related fields such as materials engineering or quality control.
#### Challenges and Overcoming Them
– **Physical Demands**: The job can be physically demanding and may require working in high-temperature environments. Staying fit and adhering to safety protocols can help.
– **Safety Risks**: There is a risk of exposure to hazardous materials. Proper training and adherence to safety regulations are crucial for minimizing risks.
#### Gaining Experience and Building a Network
– **Internships/Apprenticeships**: Seek out internships or apprenticeships with companies that work with refractory materials.
– **Professional Organizations**: Joining industry-related associations can provide networking opportunities and access to resources.
– **Trade Shows and Conferences**: Attend events to meet professionals in the field and learn about the latest technologies and practices.
#### Current Job Prospects
The job prospects for refractory materials repairers are stable, with demand driven by industries such as steel, glass, and ceramics. As these industries continue to evolve, the need for skilled

Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons, are skilled workers who specialize in repairing and maintaining refractory materials used in high-temperature industrial processes. These materials are designed to withstand extreme heat, corrosion, and abrasion, making them essential in industries such as steel manufacturing, petrochemicals, and glass production.
The primary responsibilities of refractory materials repairers include inspecting, repairing, and replacing refractory linings in industrial furnaces, kilns, boilers, and other equipment. They must have a good understanding of different types of refractory materials, as well as the techniques and tools needed to install and repair them.
Refractory materials repairers may work in various industrial settings, such as steel mills, power plants, foundries, and chemical plants. They often work in challenging environments that involve high temperatures, dust, and noise. Safety is a top priority in this career, as workers must follow strict protocols to protect themselves from potential hazards.
Overall, refractory materials repairers play a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency and safety of industrial processes that rely on high-temperature equipment. Their expertise is in high demand in industries that require the use of refractory materials, making this a rewarding career for those with the necessary skills and experience.

Skilled Trades & Technical Careers

Stable Careers

Here are some fun facts about the career of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons:
1. Refractory materials repairers are skilled tradespeople who specialize in repairing and maintaining refractory materials, which are heat-resistant materials used in high-temperature industrial processes.
2. These workers often work in industries such as steel manufacturing, glass production, and petrochemical processing, where high temperatures are common.
3. Refractory materials repairers must have a strong understanding of materials science and be able to work with a variety of materials, including brick, ceramic, and metal.
4. This career can be physically demanding, as workers may need to lift heavy materials and work in confined spaces or at heights.
5. Refractory materials repairers play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of industrial processes by maintaining and repairing refractory linings in furnaces, kilns, and other equipment.
Overall, this career offers a unique blend of technical skill, hands-on work, and the opportunity to work in a variety of industries.

To become a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason, you typically need a high school diploma or equivalent. However, some employers may prefer candidates with post-secondary education or relevant vocational training in fields such as welding, construction, or industrial maintenance.
Additionally, on-the-job training is usually provided by employers to teach specific skills related to repairing and maintaining refractory materials. This training may include learning about different types of refractory materials, repair techniques, safety procedures, and using specialized tools and equipment.
Some employers may also require certification or licensure, depending on the specific job responsibilities or industry regulations. It is essential to stay updated on industry standards and advancements in refractory materials technology to ensure continued success in this career.

Key Responsibilities and job duties for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons may include:
1. Inspecting and assessing damaged refractory materials in industrial furnaces, kilns, boilers, and other high-temperature equipment.
2. Removing and replacing damaged or worn-out refractory materials such as bricks, tiles, and linings.
3. Mixing and applying refractory materials such as mortar, cement, and insulation to repair or replace linings.
4. Using tools and equipment such as trowels, brushes, saws, and hammers to complete repairs.
5. Following safety procedures and wearing appropriate protective gear while working with high-temperature materials.
6. Collaborating with engineers, supervisors, and other team members to plan and execute repair projects.
7. Maintaining records of work completed, materials used, and any issues encountered during the repair process.
8. Conducting regular maintenance checks on refractory linings to identify potential issues and prevent major repairs.
9. Keeping up-to-date with industry trends and advancements in refractory materials and repair techniques.
10. Providing training and guidance to junior repairers or apprentices.
These are some of the key responsibilities and job duties that someone in the career of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons may be expected to perform.

The average salary for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons can vary depending on factors such as experience, location, and employer. However, on average, these professionals can earn around $50,000 to $70,000 per year in the United States. In the short term, entry-level positions may start at around $30,000 to $40,000 per year, with the potential to increase with experience and expertise. In the long term, experienced Refractory Materials Repairers can earn upwards of $80,000 to $100,000 per year or more, especially if they advance to supervisory or management roles within the industry.

Career Path & Progression:
1. Education and Training: To become a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason, individuals typically need a high school diploma or equivalent. They may receive on-the-job training or attend a technical school to learn specific skills related to refractory materials repair.
2. Entry-Level Position: Most individuals start their career as entry-level refractory materials repairers, assisting experienced workers and learning the necessary skills on the job.
3. Specialization: As they gain experience, workers may choose to specialize in specific types of refractory materials or industries, such as steel manufacturing, petrochemical plants, or power generation facilities.
4. Certification: Some employers may require or prefer certification in refractory materials repair or related fields. Obtaining certification can demonstrate expertise and competency in the field.
5. Supervisory Roles: Experienced refractory materials repairers may advance to supervisory or management positions, where they oversee a team of workers, manage projects, and ensure work is completed efficiently and according to specifications.
Opportunities for Career Advancement:
1. Senior Refractory Materials Repairer: Experienced workers may advance to senior positions where they take on more complex repair projects, troubleshoot technical issues, and provide guidance to junior staff.
2. Quality Control or Inspection: Some individuals may transition into roles focused on quality control or inspection, ensuring that refractory materials are installed and repaired correctly to meet industry standards.
3. Sales or Consulting: Experienced professionals may move into sales roles, representing refractory materials manufacturers or suppliers, or transition into consulting positions where they provide expertise and recommendations to clients in need of refractory materials repair services.
4. Entrepreneurship: Skilled refractory materials repairers with business acumen may choose to start their own repair or contracting business, offering services to various industries in need of refractory maintenance and repair.
5. Research and Development: Some individuals may pursue opportunities in research and development, working for companies or institutions to develop new materials, techniques, or technologies related to refractory materials repair.
Overall, career advancement in the field of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons can be achieved through gaining experience, pursuing specialized training or certification, taking on leadership roles, exploring different industry sectors, and considering entrepreneurial or research opportunities.

Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons, face several challenges in their career, including:
1. **Physical Demands**: This career involves working in physically demanding environments, such as high temperatures and confined spaces. To overcome this challenge, individuals can maintain a good level of physical fitness through regular exercise and proper lifting techniques.
2. **Safety Hazards**: Working with refractory materials can pose safety risks, including exposure to hazardous substances and the risk of burns. It is important for individuals in this career to undergo proper safety training and always use personal protective equipment to mitigate these risks.
3. **Technical Skills**: Repairing refractory materials requires specialized technical skills and knowledge. Individuals can overcome this challenge by pursuing relevant education and training programs, such as vocational courses or apprenticeships, to develop the necessary skills.
4. **Work Environment**: Refractory Materials Repairers may need to work in challenging environments, such as industrial settings or construction sites. It is important for individuals in this career to adapt to different work environments and be flexible in their approach to work.
5. **Job Stability**: The demand for Refractory Materials Repairers may fluctuate based on the overall economy and construction industry. To overcome this challenge, individuals can consider diversifying their skills or seeking additional certifications to increase their job prospects.
Overall, individuals in the career of Refractory Materials Repairers can overcome these challenges by staying proactive, continuously learning and improving their skills, prioritizing safety, and being adaptable to different work environments.

To gain experience and build a network in the field of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons, consider the following strategies:
1. **Apprenticeships or Internships**: Look for opportunities to work as an apprentice or intern with experienced refractory materials repairers. This hands-on experience will not only help you develop your skills but also build a network within the industry.
2. **Join Professional Associations**: Consider joining professional associations such as the National Association of Brick Distributors or the American Ceramic Society. These organizations often host events, conferences, and workshops that can help you connect with professionals in the field.
3. **Attend Trade Shows and Conferences**: Attend trade shows and conferences related to refractory materials and repair. These events are great opportunities to network with industry professionals, learn about the latest trends and technologies, and gain insights into the field.
4. **Online Networking**: Utilize online platforms such as LinkedIn to connect with professionals in the industry. Join relevant groups and participate in discussions to expand your network and learn from others in the field.
5. **Volunteer or Part-Time Work**: Consider volunteering or working part-time for companies or organizations related to refractory materials repair. This will not only provide you with valuable experience but also help you establish connections with professionals in the industry.
6. **Further Education**: Consider pursuing additional education or certifications in refractory materials repair. This can help you gain specialized knowledge and skills that will make you more competitive in the field.
7. **Informational Interviews**: Reach out to professionals in the field and request informational interviews. This can help you learn more about the industry, gain valuable insights, and potentially expand your network.
By combining these strategies, you can gain valuable experience and build a strong network in the field of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons.

Currently, the job prospects for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons are stable. These professionals are primarily employed in industries such as manufacturing, construction, and mining where refractory materials are used in high-temperature applications. As long as these industries continue to operate, there will be a demand for individuals who can repair and maintain refractory materials.
In the future, job prospects for Refractory Materials Repairers may see a slight increase due to advancements in technology and the growing need for specialized skills in industries that rely on high-temperature processes. As industries continue to evolve and demand for refractory materials repairers grows, individuals with the necessary skills and expertise in this field may find more job opportunities available to them. It is important for aspiring Refractory Materials Repairers to stay updated on the latest technologies and techniques in the field to remain competitive in the job market.

To succeed as a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason, individuals need to possess the following skills and qualities:
1. **Technical Knowledge**: Understanding of refractory materials, their properties, and how they are used in various industrial settings is essential.
2. **Manual Dexterity**: Ability to work with hands, use tools, and manipulate materials with precision.
3. **Physical Strength and Stamina**: Refractory repair work can be physically demanding, requiring individuals to lift heavy materials and work in various positions.
4. **Problem-Solving Skills**: Ability to identify issues with refractory materials and come up with effective solutions to repair them.
5. **Attention to Detail**: Precision is crucial in refractory repair work to ensure the materials are installed correctly and will function as intended.
6. **Safety Consciousness**: Understanding and adherence to safety protocols to protect oneself and others from potential hazards in the workplace.
7. **Teamwork**: Collaboration with other workers, such as bricklayers or industrial maintenance personnel, may be necessary for certain projects.
8. **Communication Skills**: Ability to effectively communicate with colleagues, supervisors, and clients to understand project requirements and provide updates on progress.
9. **Adaptability**: Willingness to work in various environments, such as industrial plants or construction sites, and adjust to different project requirements.
10. **Mechanical Skills**: Understanding of how machinery and equipment used in refractory repair work operate and being able to perform basic maintenance tasks.
By possessing these skills and qualities, individuals can excel in the role of a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason and ensure the efficient repair and maintenance of refractory materials in industrial settings.

The career demands for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons are in various sectors and industries such as:
1. Steel Industry: Refractory materials repairers are in demand in the steel industry for maintaining and repairing refractory linings in furnaces, ladles, and other equipment used in steel production.
2. Glass Industry: They are needed in the glass industry to repair and maintain refractory linings in glass furnaces and other equipment used in glass manufacturing.
3. Cement Industry: Refractory materials repairers are required in the cement industry to repair and maintain refractory linings in kilns and other equipment used in cement production.
4. Petrochemical Industry: They are in demand in the petrochemical industry for repairing and maintaining refractory linings in reactors, furnaces, and other high-temperature equipment used in petrochemical processing.
5. Power Generation Industry: Refractory materials repairers are needed in the power generation industry to maintain and repair refractory linings in boilers, incinerators, and other high-temperature equipment used in power plants.
6. Foundry Industry: They are in demand in the foundry industry for repairing and maintaining refractory linings in furnaces and other equipment used in metal casting.
7. Ceramic Industry: Refractory materials repairers are required in the ceramic industry to repair and maintain refractory linings in kilns and other equipment used in ceramic manufacturing.
8. Refining Industry: They are needed in the refining industry to repair and maintain refractory linings in furnaces, reactors, and other equipment used in the refining process.
These are some of the sectors and industries where the demand for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons is high due to the need for maintaining and repairing refractory linings in high-temperature equipment used in various manufacturing processes.

To become a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason, individuals can pursue the following training and certifications to stand out in the field:
1. **On-the-Job Training**: Many Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons learn through on-the-job training, where they work under the supervision of experienced professionals to gain hands-on experience in repairing and maintaining refractory materials.
2. **Apprenticeships**: Participating in an apprenticeship program can provide individuals with structured training and mentorship opportunities. This can be a valuable way to learn the skills needed to excel in this field.
3. **Certifications**: While not always required, obtaining certifications related to refractory materials repair can demonstrate a high level of expertise and competency. Some relevant certifications include:
– **Certified Refractory Technician (CRT)**: Offered by organizations such as the National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies (NICET), this certification demonstrates proficiency in the installation, repair, and maintenance of refractory materials.
– **OSHA Certifications**: Obtaining Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) certifications related to workplace safety can also be beneficial in this field.
4. **Specialized Courses**: Taking specialized courses in refractory materials repair, industrial maintenance, or related fields can provide individuals with additional knowledge and skills that can help them excel in their careers.
5. **Continuing Education**: Staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in refractory materials and repair techniques through continuing education courses or workshops can also help individuals stand out in the field.
By pursuing these training and certification opportunities, individuals can enhance their skills, knowledge, and credibility as Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons, and increase their chances of standing out in the industry.

As a career counsellor, I would explain that the work environment of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons typically involves working in industrial settings such as steel mills, foundries, refineries, and other facilities that use high-temperature equipment.
These professionals often work outdoors or in large indoor spaces that can be noisy, hot, and physically demanding. They may be exposed to extreme temperatures, dust, and fumes, so wearing protective gear such as masks, gloves, and goggles is essential.
Refractory materials repairers may work independently or as part of a team, and their tasks may involve repairing and replacing linings in furnaces, kilns, and other high-temperature equipment using specialized tools and equipment. They may also be required to follow safety protocols and regulations to prevent accidents and ensure a safe work environment.
Overall, the work environment of Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons can be challenging but rewarding for individuals who are interested in hands-on work in industrial settings.

The Industry Sectors for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons include:
1. Manufacturing
2. Construction
3. Mining and Quarrying
4. Metal and Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
5. Primary Metal Manufacturing
6. Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
These professionals typically work in industries that involve the production, processing, and maintenance of materials such as metals, minerals, and other industrial products.

Some of the top companies that hire Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons include:
1. HarbisonWalker International
2. Resco Products
3. Allied Mineral Products
4. RHI Magnesita
5. Vesuvius
6. Calderys
7. HWI
8. Imerys
9. Morgan Advanced Materials
10. Plibrico Company
These companies are known for their expertise in refractory materials and often have job opportunities for individuals with skills in repairing and maintaining these materials.

The tools and technologies used by Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons may include:
1. Hand tools such as trowels, hammers, chisels, and brushes
2. Power tools like grinders, saws, and drills
3. Welding and cutting equipment
4. Refractory materials such as bricks, cement, and insulation
5. Personal protective equipment like gloves, goggles, and helmets
6. Measuring devices such as tape measures and levels
7. Lifting equipment like hoists and cranes
8. Computer software for design and planning purposes
These tools and technologies are essential for repairing and maintaining refractory materials in various industrial settings.

Related careers to Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons may include:
1. Welders, Cutters, and Welder Fitters
2. Boilermakers
3. Industrial Machinery Mechanics
4. Maintenance and Repair Workers
5. Insulation Workers
6. Sheet Metal Workers
7. Construction and Building Inspectors
8. Industrial Engineers
9. Materials Engineers
10. Metallurgical Engineers

Internship opportunities for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons may include:
1. Interning with a refractory materials repair company: Students can gain hands-on experience working alongside experienced professionals in repairing and maintaining refractory materials in industrial settings such as kilns, furnaces, and boilers.
2. Interning with a construction or manufacturing company: Students can intern with companies that use refractory materials in their operations to learn about the different types of materials used, their properties, and how they are repaired and maintained.
3. Research internship: Students interested in the technical aspects of refractory materials repair can intern with research institutions or laboratories to learn about the latest advancements in materials science and technology related to refractory materials.
4. Interning with a refractory materials supplier: Students can intern with companies that supply refractory materials to gain insights into the different types of materials available, their applications, and how they are sourced and manufactured.
5. Interning with a maintenance or engineering department: Students can intern with maintenance or engineering departments in industries such as steel, glass, or cement production to learn about the importance of refractory materials in maintaining high-temperature equipment and machinery.
These internship opportunities can provide students with valuable hands-on experience, industry insights, and networking opportunities to kickstart their careers as Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons.

The remote work potential for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons is low. This career typically involves hands-on work repairing and replacing refractory materials in industrial settings such as furnaces, kilns, and boilers. Due to the nature of the work, it often requires being physically present at job sites to assess, repair, and maintain the equipment. Remote work options may be limited for this career as it is primarily hands-on and requires specialized skills that are best performed on-site.

Specialization areas for Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons may include:
1. Furnace repair and maintenance
2. Kiln repair and maintenance
3. Boiler repair and maintenance
4. Incinerator repair and maintenance
5. Refractory lining installation and repair
6. Industrial insulation installation and repair
7. Heat-resistant material fabrication
8. Refractory material testing and quality control
9. Refractory material research and development
10. High-temperature equipment troubleshooting and diagnostics
These specializations may require specific training, certifications, or on-the-job experience to excel in the field of refractory materials repair.

**Challenges:**
1. **Physical Demands:** Refractory materials repairers often work in physically demanding environments, requiring them to lift heavy materials, work in confined spaces, and withstand high temperatures.
2. **High Risk of Injury:** Working with refractory materials can be hazardous, as it involves handling hot materials and working in potentially dangerous conditions, increasing the risk of burns, cuts, and other injuries.
3. **Specialized Skills:** Repairing refractory materials requires specific knowledge and skills, which may require extensive training and experience to master.
4. **Work Environment:** Refractory materials repairers often work in industrial settings such as foundries, steel mills, and manufacturing plants, which can be noisy, dirty, and potentially hazardous.
**Rewards:**
1. **Job Stability:** The demand for refractory materials repairers is expected to remain steady, providing job security for those in the field.
2. **Competitive Salary:** Refractory materials repairers typically earn a competitive salary, especially as they gain experience and expertise in the field.
3. **Hands-On Work:** For individuals who enjoy working with their hands and solving practical problems, repairing refractory materials can be a rewarding and fulfilling career.
4. **Opportunities for Advancement:** With experience, refractory materials repairers can advance to supervisory or managerial roles, or even start their own businesses in the field.

To get started with a career as a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason, one can follow these steps:
1. Education: While a high school diploma or equivalent may be sufficient for some entry-level positions, completing a vocational program or obtaining an associate degree in a related field such as construction technology or industrial maintenance can be beneficial.
2. Gain experience: Look for opportunities to gain hands-on experience in construction, maintenance, or a related field. This could include internships, apprenticeships, or entry-level positions in construction companies or industrial facilities.
3. Develop skills: Refractory materials repairers need to have good mechanical skills, be detail-oriented, and have the ability to work well with their hands. Developing skills in welding, blueprint reading, and equipment operation can also be helpful.
4. Certifications: Some employers may require certifications in areas such as welding or industrial maintenance. Consider obtaining relevant certifications to enhance your skills and marketability.
5. Networking: Build a professional network within the industry by attending trade shows, joining industry associations, and connecting with professionals in the field. Networking can help you learn about job opportunities and advance your career.
6. Stay updated: Keep abreast of industry trends, new technologies, and safety regulations related to refractory materials repair. Continuous learning and professional development can help you stay competitive in the field.
By following these steps and gaining relevant education, experience, and skills, you can get started on a career as a Refractory Materials Repairer, Except Brickmason.

I’m sorry, but refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons, are not typically well-known public figures. However, some distinguished professionals in this field may include experienced refractory repair technicians, industry experts, or educators specializing in refractory materials.

Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons, may have global opportunities in various industries and sectors where there is a demand for their skills. Some potential global opportunities for this career include:
1. **International Construction Projects**: Refractory materials repairers may find opportunities to work on international construction projects such as industrial furnaces, kilns, and other high-temperature equipment in different countries.
2. **Manufacturing Plants**: Many manufacturing plants around the world require the expertise of refractory materials repairers to maintain and repair their equipment. This could include industries such as steel, cement, glass, and petrochemicals.
3. **Mining Industry**: Refractory materials repairers may find opportunities in the mining industry, where they can work on repairing and maintaining refractory linings in smelters, furnaces, and other high-temperature processing equipment.
4. **Oil and Gas Industry**: The oil and gas industry also utilizes refractory materials in their processing equipment. Refractory materials repairers may find opportunities to work on offshore rigs or in refineries around the world.
5. **International Consulting**: Experienced refractory materials repairers may have opportunities to work as consultants for companies around the world, providing expertise on refractory materials selection, installation, and maintenance.
6. **Research and Development**: Some global opportunities may exist for refractory materials repairers to work in research and development roles for companies or organizations that are developing new materials and technologies in this field.
7. **Specialized Training and Workshops**: Refractory materials repairers may have the opportunity to attend specialized training programs and workshops in different countries to enhance their skills and knowledge in this field.
Overall, the global opportunities for refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons, may vary depending on the industry demand and specific skills required in different regions of the world. Networking, staying updated on industry trends, and being open to travel and work in different countries can help individuals in this career explore global opportunities.

Common misconception: Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons, are often perceived as individuals who simply repair bricks and other materials without much skill or expertise.
Reality: In reality, refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons, are highly skilled professionals who specialize in repairing and maintaining high-temperature materials used in industrial settings such as kilns, furnaces, and boilers. They require a deep understanding of different types of refractory materials, as well as knowledge of specialized tools and techniques to perform their job effectively. Additionally, they often work in challenging environments that require precision and attention to detail to ensure the safety and efficiency of industrial processes.